Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization to Economy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization to Economy Introduction Globalization in the world of business is the process of intertwining markets all around the world by means of businesses extending their influence and operation on a global scale driving cross-border trade and investment (The Levin Institute, 2014). It includes the spreading and influencing of â€Å"world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture† (Al-Rodhan, 2006). The rapid advancement of it, aided by the assimilation of global transportation, communication and advancing technology affects the â€Å"environment, culture, political systems, economic development and human physical well beings in societies† they reside in (The Levin Institute, 2014). The act of globalization brings about a wealth of benefits to both guest and host countries worldwide. This includes but not extensively â€Å"employment, education, product quality, cheaper prices, improved communication, transportation, and economic growth through free movement of capital, international trade and GDP increase† (Lovekar, 2013). Although beneficial, it inadvertently also bring about an abundance of detrimental factors. Some major issues comprise â€Å"health issues, loss of culture, uneven wealth distribution, environment degradation, disparity, conflicts†, and many others (Lovekar, 2013). An example being the alluring promise of allowing impoverished countries to develop economically through globalization inadvertently brings about the benefit of low-cost production from a detriment of instituting an under paid labor force. Considering the involvement of factors such as these (which will be further elaborated using various case studies in the report to follow), we can see that developed countries that are the ones leading the charge of globalization, hold the control and power to implement the way globalization is carried out. Therefore these countries should implement the policy on globalization by first taking a bigger step through advancing a deeper knowledge to understanding the impacts, and work towards solving problems and harmonizing the dividends across all parties affected by the monster of globalization (The Levin Institute, 2014). Advantages of globalization International trade International trade has contributed to the growth of U.S. economy in many areas. The export is valued at $2.2 trillion in 2012 and has created up to 38 million job opportunities in the state. This profit made from the trade will inadvertently trickle down the hierarchy and also help to raise the salary and wealth of the people. Looking at the large amount of exports from U.S, we can deduce that international trade has allowed the expansion of business mechanization and the advancement of technology which inadvertently has helped businesses to maintain and keep up with competitors all around the world. As the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (2014) points out, international trade through importing brings in a series of advantages such as providing an increased variety of goods that are not obtainable within the U.S. and make available all year round, products such as harvested crops that are not procurable from the country itself during certain seasons in the year. Moreover, it inadvertently helps to increase the domestic expenditure as they bring competitive prices that raise the spending ability of the regular American, which eventually also contributes to the economy of U.S.. Through importing as well, manufacturing companies are able to purchase raw materials for production that are not readily available in the country and on certain occasions at cheaper rates that will improve the profit margin (U.S.Chamber of Commerce, 2014). Therefore, we can see the importance of international trade and how the opening up of markets to foreign exchange benefits the country, as it allows goods and services to be traded with ease, concurrently increasing job opportunities and boosting economic growth. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Singapore’s Integrated Resorts, Marina bay sands (MBS) and Resorts World Sentosa (RWS) are the main attractions for the tourism industry, and are the results of successful foreign direct investments. The tourism sector with these new attractions have brought in up to 13.2 million visitors and profited from $22.3 billion worth of tourist’s spending in 2011 alone. This has significantly contributed to not only the tourism industry but also to a substantial economic growth in Singapore. The FDI in this establishment of the Integrated Resorts project has contributed up to 40,000 job employments in sectors such as retail and Food and Beverage (FB). It has also trickled down and inadvertently helped to retain Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that are mainly outsourced to provide goods and services to the tourism industry such as transportation, laundry and floral services (Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore, 2012). As shown in the graph by HSBC, FDI increased instead of plummeting during the financial crises and that allowed Singapore to continue to bring up the economy during this time of trouble where it would be overwhelming otherwise. (Singapore Business Review, 2010) Capital flow In 2013 Nestle, originally from Switzerland, expanded its research and development (RD) centre in Singapore. The company invested up to $5 million in this RD expansion and will create up to 20 more jobs while continuing its employment strategy of procuring expertise from a global workforce (Yan, 2013). Its establishment here has brought not only a spike of economic growth during the company’s time here, but also a decent pool of skillful and knowledgeable workers to Singapore’s labor market, and advanced technology in the field that will inadvertently aid in the growth of Singapore’s expertise in the area and provide a larger platform for future expansion. Recently, Nestle has announced that they are going to increase the capital flow by widening its RD project in the form of more â€Å"manpower, resources and investment† (Grosse, 2014). Investments has been pumped into a project to build up food and nutrition RD since January, consisting of a partnership with Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) (Grosse, 2014). With more capital flowing in to invest in such projects, Singapore would definitely benefit from this economic growth. Disadvantages of globalization Human costs Apple is known as the most successful and wealthiest company due to its manufacturing that is done globally. However, what Apple fails to disclose is that the major production of the devices came from China sweatshops. In order to meet the global demands of production set by the management in a given timeframe, workers from the Apple manufacturing factory in Chengdu said that they were forced to work long hours, almost seven days a week, in harsh environments which resulted in the straining of workers’ health. Apart from that, there have been serious cases of abuse such as child labour and inappropriate employee’s welfare. All these factors have concocted a hazardous environment that resulted in two blasts within the manufacturing factory itself, consequently bringing about fatality as no proper safety measurements were taken. Apple at that point in time had a narrow vision of company profit and growth, and that resulted in the company procuring methods that will increase the profit margin regardless of ethics, and one of the targets was low-cost production. This inadvertently brought about the neglect of their 120,000 worker’s welfare (Duhigg and Barboza, 2012). Companies from developed countries tend to take advantage of workers from developing countries in order to meet their aggressive demand. This happens due to racism, the feeling of superiority brought about by the factors such as the workers are a lower class due to the education level of developing countries and even because they are not of their own nationality. Pollution As China is on the rise to become a large economic power, they have inadvertently contributed to a huge environmental impact on the world. China has increasingly become one of the countries chosen by many of its developed counterparts for factory establishment due to its ability to produce goods with low costs. However, with the increased number of factories setting up in China, it has resulted in the release of a huge amount of poisonous industrial gases into the air causing air pollution. In the study by â€Å"The Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences†,the release of such gases is connected to the large exports in China. The pollution has not only affected their neighbouring countries decreasing the quality of air but it has also spread over to the United States, causing haze in the westcoast. In order to curb this pollution created by China, Lane and Stromberg (2014) suggested that it is a necessity for countries to come together and make a stand through subduing â€Å"global political tensions† and the goal of â€Å"short-term economic incentives† that prevents cooperation.And as mentioned in the reading, this increasing rate of the air pollution, would result in the deterioration in the health of the Chinese and eventually the people at the rest of the world. (Lane and Stromberg, 2014) Insecurity and violence China’s recent movement of placing an oil rig near to Vietnam has caused an anti-china riot in Vietnam. This brought up a sensitive issue regarding the ownership of the area in which the oil rig was parked at. The action has since resulted in many Vietnamese protestors reacting violently through the destruction and burning down of many factories that are owned by FDI. As Vietnamese protestors could not differentiate the different nationalities, they unintentionally affected many FDI companies that are actually owned by Taiwanese or South Korean businessmen. Many factories operating in the area were forced to shut down and with businesses continually disrupted the violence caused a huge decline in income. Vietnamese protestors have been known to be targeting and attacking the Chinese employees as well. In which the riots have resulted in almost two fatalities while leaving many other Chinese nationals injured. Due to this continuous violence many Chinese were sent back to China for safety reasons (Whiteman, 2014). With many establishments of FDI businesses in global countries, it will cause its nation people to feel a sense of insecurity of others invading their country. As depicted in the recent China and Vietnam dispute, all it takes is such sensitive matter to spark all these insecurities. Conclusion As mentioned above, globalization has proven to greatly contribute to the country’s economic growth in both developed and developing countries. It has not only created a substantial number of job opportunities around the world, it simultaneously allows the distribution of technology and knowledge between countries that are essential for their economy’s advancement. Globalisation is also a crucial for developing countries as the input from other countries aids in the faster and continuous development of the country. However, while countries are enjoying the fruits of the economy’s growth, there are consequences that appear a result of globalization mostly affecting the developing countries. As mentioned earlier, globalization has resulted in issues such as violating human rights, environment pollution and distrust among countries. With globalization constantly growing and here to stay, more concerns would arise. With the rise of globalization, it has created a disparity between countries in today’s world. This is because while some countries are proving to be hubs where investments continually pour in for that purpose, resulting in rapid economic growth, other countries that are not as attractive and less developed are struggling to keep up. Developing countries are gradually becoming the generator of the developed countries’ economy growth and instead of growing together, the economic gap between these countries continues to widen. A global wealth report in 2013 said that wealthiest 10% of the global population possesses 86% of world’s wealth while the bottom half of the rest possess less than 1%. As compared to developed countries which reports show an average of a $100,000 wealth per person, the standard wealth of each person in the less developed countries was $5,000 or less (Appiah, 2014). In a report from 2012, it is said that the world’s population is made up of 82.5% who resides in less developed countries. This further shows that there are huge gaps in the wealth distribution between the developed and developing countries. It also means globalization while beneficial to the economy of developed countries, is inadvertently creating a larger disparity and straining the economic growth in the developing countries. Furthermore, globalization implicates internal problems within a country to the countries in which their businesses reside in. With the global economy differences, it creates social imbalance where people from both developed and developing countries hold different status and wealth, causing opportunities to be extended out only to the ones who can afford it (Appiah, 2014). Workers from developing countries working for these foreign companies feel that they are of lower status as compared to them. Due to the disparity, people from the developing countries feel disadvantaged and discontentment, which in an extreme example resulted in the act of terrorism, aimed at developed countries (Appiah, 2014). The rise of globalization would also mean more foreign companies establishment in developing countries which will increase a deeper sense of insecurity among its people in these countries. An example would be the significant U.S. September 11 attacks in 2001 whereby the New Yorks World Trad e Center towers were being hit by planes that were hijacked by terrorist which eventually affected the world’s economic and global assurance (BBC, n.d.). Violence is viewed as a repercussion of extensive inequality, affecting and compromising the world’s safety (Appiah, 2014). Therefore, globalization might be beneficial to the developed countries initially. However, with the rise of globalization, it would widen the gap that is of major disadvantage to the world, and this inequality would inadvertently cause tension that will lead to belligerent situations between countries.

Marriage In The Renaissance Era

Irvin Alfalfa Mrs.. Fever English 1 (College Prep) April 26, 2013 Marriage in the Renaissance Era Marriage customs today are very different than those of the Renaissance era. During this era women had limited options in marriage and life. In Michael Best's article, â€Å"The Age of Marriage,† he indicates that although people did not get married as young as people believed, marriage was still not so much about love. For example, â€Å"in some noble houses marriages were indeed made at a young age for reasons of property and family alliance,† (Best, 1).A clear example of this is that Caplet wants Juliet to marry Paris to expand their name and alliances. Juliet did not love Paris but was being forced into marrying him by her parent's. In addition, girls were obliged to marry a man that was successful and rich. This narrowed down the limited choices for women and although young girls had no interest in marrying they had to in order to get wealthier and have a better life. However, children of noble birth ran a great risk if they tried to marry without their parent's prior approval, since they would be feet with no resources.Some marriages were in fact based on love but it was very rare because the bridegroom may not have been wealthy or known. Novel Guider's article, â€Å"The Institution of Marriage in Renaissance Era,† implies that marriage was both secular and sacred. For example, secularly, it served as a coming together of two parties interested in obtaining property, money, or political alliances. This was the main goal of noble homes. Some marriages were also sacred in that it assured the love of a man and woman and searched for reproduction.William Shakespearean ark displays the sacredness of love and marriage. However, some families did not force marriages because, â€Å"the best marriages were those that were equally consensual and desired by both parties,† (novel guide, 1). Freedom of choice varied for each child in a family. Each child had a certain amount of freedom in choosing their mate. The eldest son was under the greatest pressure since he inherited the majority of the land. His marriage was often critical to the families survival because they depended on him for financial support. This article somewhat contradictsMichael Best's article in which he states that all marriages where forced on. Jeremy Goldberg article, â€Å"The Right to Choose: Woman, Consent and Marriage in Late Medieval England,† suggests that marriage was indeed forced on, but by not only parent's. Jeremy Goldberg provides an example in which a girl was forced by her attacker to agree to marry him. This was very common during this era. Men eager for money and land would force wealthy and innocent girls into marrying them. John Dale was a man who used physical violence and the threat of it to con Agnes into marrying him.In all, these three articles provide examples of marriage being an important for both men and woman. Some marriages were made to have more wealth and land while others were made simply because two partners loved each other very much. Some marriages were so important that men would take drastic measures in order to have a wife. And although women had very limited options and were considered a minority, they managed to have a good life if they chose the right man. Very much has changed during the years. Best, Michael. â€Å"The Age of Marriage. † Roughage Ballads. University of Victoria

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Insurance Related Essay Topics

Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Insurance Related Essay Topics While students may initially enjoy the idea of deciding on an essay topic, they soon understand that the determination of essay topic ideas can be a little difficult. Generally, all you have to do is to state the topic and you'll receive an entire essay sample to keep on working all on your own. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. If you're not too acquainted with the subject of the assigned essay it's going to be even harder to produce valuable suggestions and thought provoking concepts. Thus, the above told six position essay topics can help you compose a great piece to position essay, but be sure whatever topic you're selecting isn't difficult to understand and on which you get a good expertise, otherwise you won't be in a position to create sturdy arguments. 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College application essay topics are a crucial portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Computer Science is facing a big roadblock to more research. Before you commence writing your essay, there's a need to find the sensation of connection to the subject, the attraction to it and a deep interest. It's recommended that you just opt for the topic that you are able to deal with, for instance, if you're not t sketching the personality characteristics then you ought to better not elect for it. At precisely the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a fantastic cause and effect essay topic. 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Improving The Risk Return Performance Of Portfolios Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6548 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? With the development of the Chinese capital market, more and more investors start to look for a more rational way to invest. To increase the investment return and decrease the risk, investors must learn to allocate their funds in order to diversify risk. However, due to the limited assets that can be invested in, the convenience and effectiveness of portfolio diversification must be studied. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Improving The Risk Return Performance Of Portfolios Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This paper mainly explores the function of futures in the ordinary stock portfolio through the study of risk-return performance. By comparing the efficient frontiers of different portfolios, the risk-return performance of the futures portfolio and mixed stock-futures portfolio is better than the stock only portfolio. Futures play an important role in upgrading the integrated portfolio of stock and futures. The results of this study provide investors with a feasible way to diversify their funds in multi-type investment portfolios, which is of great theoretical and practical significance. I. An introduction to Chinese capital market Ever since December 19, 1990, when Shanghai stock exchange opened, people become more and more interested in investing in the security market to make money. After twenty years, investing in stocks is a quite popular and important way for ordinary Chinese people to manage their money. However, stock market itself can not meet investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs of diversifying risk and increase capital return, and investment diversification becomes a natural solution and guiding concept. Although twenty years have passed since Shanghai stock exchange came in existence, development of Chinese capital market is quite slow, with limited kinds of investment products. Lack of varieties of trading tools and incomplete structure of capital market products make it difficult to diversify in Chinese capital market. In developed capital markets such as Hong Kong, over 80% of financial derivative instruments in international financial market have been introduced. In stock market, the trading o f index futures, options and warrants is quite active with a trending of exceeding the trading of spot market. Hong Kong bond market is even more diversified. Based on three basic kinds which are bond, note and certificate of deposits of fund-raising tools, many more complicated derivatives such as floating rate bonds, variable rate bonds, convertible bonds, credit card receivables, and the current debt instruments traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange listing has been increased to 129.(2009) On the contrary, despite of stocks, there are few more than five years investment instruments in mainland China capital markets. The trading of 1-5 year instruments is also confined so that the available trading instruments are quite limited. As an emerging market the risk of stock market is higher than normal, both systematic risk and market risk. The systematic flaws in Chinese stock market such as no trades of state owned and corporation owned stocks and lack of index futures  [1]  o r other kinds of hedging instruments make the whole stock exchange system more uncertain. The strong influence of state policy changing is also a reason for high uncertainty. As for the market risk, stock market is in sharp adjustment since the end of 2007. On the one hand, the overall risk has lowered a little; it is still too high compared with the mature capital markets. On the other hand, the low self-control ability of the participants involved in stock market makes the unsystematic risk higher than average. Investing only in stock market can not successfully diversify risk. Considering the incompleteness of Chinese warrant market, futures have been chosen to diversify risk. Chinese future market also started in 1990. After six years of cleaning up and reconstruction (1995-2000), future market is in good development. In 2002, stock market turned down, which made part of the stock market capital switch to future market and made it a hot deal. This situation is quite similar t o what happened in 2007-2008. Chinese future market developed from first pilot reform to rectification and now has entered a new stage of stable development. The legal operation and market discipline have been significantly improved. These features make futures possible as a component of portfolio. At present, research of the role of futures in the portfolio is focused on index futures and its hedging properties, while the research of commodity futures is focused on its function of price discovering. Adding futures into ordinary stock portfolio has not been well discussed so that this article will research on the performance of portfolio with commodity futures to see whether futures can effectively diversify risk and raise the return. How to optimize investment portfolio becomes the first and most important question that investors need to consider. Thus, modern portfolio theory becomes quite widely applied in practice. Portfolio means investors allocate certain amount of money to different kinds of assets in order to gain as much as possible return or to get the lowest possible risk. II. Past literature review in portfolio selection theories In 1959, Markowitz published his paper named Portfolio Selection: Eficient Diversification of Investments, which conducted a pioneering study of optimizing portfolio in the security market. Ever since then, modern finance and investment decision making comes into a quantitative stage. Portfolio theory is a set of theories and methods to help investors choose certain types and allocate their money from varieties of instruments to form efficient portfolio. In Markowitz theory, mean-variance model can be applied to any class of financial assets, as long as its expected return and the correlation of each asset can be accurately estimated (Markowitz, 1959). In his model, mean represents the expected return of an asset and its risk is represented by the variance. In order to use the Markowitz mean-variance method, we need to find the expected rate of return and risk. However, considering the ineffectiveness of Chinese stock market, the simple mean-variance is not applicable. Thus, more a ppropriate method of evaluating return and risk needs to be found. Among these different evaluating methods, people tend to agree using expected return as a representative of future earnings. The return of a financial asset is consisted of two parts: intertemporal cash flows and capital premium (asset price changes during the holding period). The return that this article is going to use is the daily logarithmic rate of return, so the intertemporal cash flows can be ignored. The yield can be expressed as: Because logarithmic rate of return can be simply added which facilitate the data processing by software and its value can be any real numbers, this article will use logarithmic rate of return as the evaluation of asset yields. The simplest way to get the expected rate of return is calculating its average. Its flaws are also quite obvious: the result is far from accurate. In order to find more accurate estimation, we need to fit time series data to appropriate model and find the unconditional expectation of asset return. In 1980s and 1990s, lots of literatures have discussed the predictability of stock market and suitable model of predicting asset returns. M.Hashem Pesaran and Allan Timmermann (1995) found that the predictable components of stock returns are highly correlated with business cycle and the magnitude of shocks influences the model more than expected. But because what they studied is a long term relationship in the stock market, the results can only be a consultation. As for the daily stock return, many researches suggest that it shows significant dependence on former returns. Vedat Akgiray found in his paper about the conditional heteroscedasticity in stock returns that the probability distribution of return lag of s days is dependent on return today for several values of s (1989). He used daily returns on the CRSP (Center for Research in Security Prices) value-weighted and equal-weighted index from January 1963 to December 1986 to find th at GARCH (1,1) shows the best fit and forecast ability among the econometric models. Noticing that the return he used is also logarithmic rate, the features of logarithmic rate in this article can be expected to be just like that in his study. Similar results can be obtained from other literatures. There is a positive relation between the expected risk premium and the predictable level of volatility and a negative relation between unpredictable component of stock market risk and excess holding period return (K. R. French et al, 1987). Although they can not determine a certain model to describe the exact relation (difficult to choose between ARIMA and GARCH-M), the relation between return and risk is quite significant. Studies about Chinese stock market also show evidence of fitting stock return data in ARMA or GARCH models. The daily returns of Shanghai and Shenzhen index indicates significant ARCH effect and the data fit in GARCH-M model well (Hua Tian and Jiahe Cao, 2003). I t is reasonable to choose ARMA or GARCH model to simulate the actual stock movement. But as for the measurement of risk there are comparably various methods. Markowitz explained the mean-variance theory in his 1959 portfolio selection paper which introduced the statistical concept of expectation and variance into the study of investment portfolio. Under a certain probability distribution of returns, he used the average deviation from the average return of all the random returns. Thus, risk can be quantified with the expectation of return as return expected and standard deviation as the measurement of risk. Although variance has some easy to use features such as simple calculating and easy understanding, it is only an approximate measurement of risk. Using variance needs the distribution to be systematic and does not take the investors different feeling about capital gain and loss into consideration. Given the same amount of gain and loss, the pain of loss is usually larger tha n the happiness of the capital earnings. Variance ignores this asymmetry while LPM (lower partial moments) would be a better measurement. Harlow proposed this new indicator as a more accurate way to describe risk (1991). LPM is an abbreviation of lower partial moment, which P (partial) stands for its measuring only one side of the returns compared with the fundamental rate and L (lower) stands for less than fundamental rate (downside risk). LPM is a risk measurement which meets the requirements of Von Neumann à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Morgenstern utility function and can cover almost all peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk preference. It shows a new way to describe risk apart from the traditional utility measurement which is the function of variance or the standard deviation. The expression of LPM is: , where n is called the order of LPM indicators, representing the risk aversion of investors, and z is called fundamental rate of return which is the minimum return that investors would accept. Different values of n would change LPM into different measurements of risk and therefore meet different investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ risk preference, from risk preference to risk neutral, then risk aversion. One advantage of LPM is that it can show only the pain or loss possibility when the return is lower than the expected. The other is it can show what investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ different risk preference can affect the feelings to the same asset by simply changing the order n. LPM is less popular in evaluating volatility than variance as the calculation of LPM is more complicated. Another reason is that LPM must be calculated separately for each variable while variance can be added or processed under certain assumptions. This means people need to program it in order to use LPM with comput er data processing programs. On the contrary, all the data processing programs have a default function of calculating variance. The way to evaluating the performance of asset portfolios is its efficient frontier. Every combination of risky assets can be plotted in a risk-return space, and those combinations with the highest return under the same risk or with the lowest risk under same return are called efficient portfolios. Usually, the upper part of the curve which describes risk-return features of efficient portfolios is called efficient frontier. Ordinary efficient frontier of investment portfolio is calculated by Markowitzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mean-variance method. This article will use LPM to substitute variance to calculate efficient frontier which makes it more like investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ thoughts of risk. Merriken suggested that variance and LPM are suitable for the study of short-term investment (1994), which is quite popular in Chinese capital market. Based on the review of the related literatures, this article will use econometric models to get expectation daily return of stock and futures and both variance and LPM to calculate efficient frontiers to see whether adding futures into stocks would improve the performance of portfolios. III. Theoretical study and empirical data results i. Theories of econometric models and multi-type asset portfolio The econometric models used to estimating the expected return and risk are ARMA and GARCH models depending on the features of different stock and futures time series. ARMA is an abbreviation of autoregressive and moving average model, which is typically used in estimating autocorrelated time series. As what is mentioned in the literature, auto-correlation in daily logarithmic return is shown by theoretical study, and the empirical study of the realistic data also suggests this result. Typical ARMA model is consisted of two parts: AR (auto-regressive) part and MA (moving average) part. It is normally notified as ARMA (p, q) where p is the order of autoregressive part and q is the order of moving average part. AR part is written as: , where are the parameters and is the error term (usually white noise). The value of p suggests how many lags of are regressed on and therefore is a measurement of autocorrelation. For the need of stays stationary, usually we need the absolute value of is less than unit. MA part is written as: , where are the parameters, is the expectation of , and is still the error term (usually white noise). The value of q suggests how many error terms are included in the smoothing process of average and MA process is always a stationary time series. Thus, ARMA model is written as: , which is a combination of autoregressive part and moving average part. The value of parameters is generally determined by the least square method which minimized the residual error term. The value of p and q is chosen to better fit the model without too much lags or smoothing terms. The method used in this article is through the value of ACF (autocorrelation function, which is used to determine the order of moving average) and PACF (partial autocorrelation function, which is used to determine the order of autoregressive part). In spite of autocorrelation, there are other special features of financial time series data such as fat tails, extreme values and volatility clustering. Simple ARMA models assume that the error term is independently and identically distributed which does not meet the fact. Thus, Engle (1982) posed ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) model to analyze this volatility feature of financial data. Four years later, T.Bollerslev improved this mod el and made it GARCH which is a generalized ARCH model. GARCH model is developed specially for financial data and is widely used in the study of volatility. In addition to the normal econometric model, people use GARCH to better analyze and forecast volatility. GARCH model can be written as: where the first equation is a simple ARMA model, but this time is not an independently and identically distributed normal error term. is an independently and identically distributed error term and is called conditional variance which is estimated by the third equation (also an ARMA model). and are independent of each other and the distribution of is not restricted as normal but can be changed to satisfy actual situation. This makes GARCH a more accurate model in estimating the expected rate of return and risk. Hiroshi Konno and Katsunari Kobayashi (1997) made an attempt to add bonds into ordinary stock portfolio to find a new way of allocating investment. Their purpose is to extend the mean-variance model normally used in optimizing stock portfolios to integrated bond-stock portfolios. At that time, big scale mean-variance models were restricted in stock portfolios although the computer technology and mathematical methods in financial engineering developed fast. Although bonds seem always to be considered separately when people intend to invest in financial market, Hiroshi and Katsunari still want to add bonds into portfolios. The reason is that before 1980s, the return of bond was far less risky than that of stock due to the stable interest rate. However, after 1980s, interest rate became much more volatile and investors bore heavily loss and huge risks. Actually, the volatility of bonds at that time was even higher than that of stocks. Considering this, combining bonds and stocks into the same portfolio is of great realistic meanings. The method they used is mean-variance and mean-absolute deviation models where variance and absolute deviation are as the diff erent measurement of risk. The results are also quite satisfied as adding bonds into stock portfolios can increase the expected return under the same risk level. Never the less, Raimond Maurer and Frank Reiner in 2001 also used this idea of multi-type asset portfolio to discuss the possible outcomes of adding real estate securities into international asset portfolios under a shortfall risk frame. They noticed the fact that financial time series data had its own features and the tradition way of evaluating risk using variance can not reflect what investors think in the reality. Therefore, LPM was introduced as the way of measuring risk to reflect the asymmetry in the rate of return of asset. They compared the situation in Germany and in US by calculating the efficient frontiers of common portfolios, then calculating the efficient frontiers of adding real estate securities into portfolios. Because they studied between different countries, Raimond Maurer and Frank Reiner also cal culated the effects of hedging. The results are also quite satisfied as the efficient frontiers move to the left, especially for those high risk-averse investors in Germany. Also, hedging could improve the performance of portfolios, especially for the US investors. With hedging they can build investment portfolios with higher rate of return under a relatively low risk level. But as mentioned above in the introduction part, there are few commercial bonds besides the government bonds; the only possible type of asset besides stocks that can be added into investment portfolios is futures. This article will also calculate the efficient frontiers of stocks, futures and combined portfolios separately, using both variance and LPM as the measurement of risk. As to the number of assets that should be held in one portfolio, investors have different opinions. Most mutual funds in the US market hold more than 100 stocks. Although these over-sized investment portfolios may well diversified risks, the expected return can be just acceptable as higher operational fee are needed to maintain such a huge portfolio and these stocks usually contains some low return ones. Xianyi Lu (2006) discussed this question that how many stocks are suitable for Chinese investors to hold in a single portfolio. He constructed portfolios with different number of stocks to compare their risk-return performance. The measurement of risk he used is variance. He came to the conclusion that 20 stocks would be enough to diversify most of the risk. The close-up price of stock is quite easily obtained while to find suitable closing price of futures is somewhat tricky. Futures are contracts which specify certain quantity and quality of fundamental assets between two parties to trade at a specified date in the future with a price agreed today. Thus there can be various contracts with the same kind of fundamental asset in different delivery date. Considering the trading characteristics of Chinese fut ure market, Chengjie Ge and Yong Liang from a Chinese fund called Guotai Junan tried to construct a continuous future contract to get the daily closing price in 2008. When a contract first comes into market, the transactions are quite few. One contract is traded most actively just three or four months before delivery date, as the coming of specified date the trading volume begins to fall quickly. Those investors, especially the speculators would only trade those contracts that so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“dominant contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Thus, each future contract is in good liquidity only for a short time period. A continuous future contract is selecting the most actively traded contract of same fundamental asset at the same time to form a new, artificial contract to get the continuous price time series of one asset. ii. Data collection and analysis This article uses daily closing price of stock and futures from the time period 04/01/2007 to 31/12/2008. The data is obtained from RESSET database  [4] Futures chosen are copper, aluminum, rubber and fuel oil from Shanghai Future Exchange, corn and soybean meal from Dalian Future Exchange and cotton and wheat gluten from Zhengzhou Future Exchange. In order to get daily return we need to construct continuous future contracts by selecting the most active contracts. As to the 8 futures used in this article, the most active contracts of wheat gluten, soybean meal, cotton, fuel oil and corn are those contracts with delivery date four months before the current month (not accounting current month); the most transacted contracts of rubber, aluminum and copper are those with delivery date two months before the current month (still not accounting current month). For example, current time is 19970201, so the contract which should be selected for cotton is the 199705 contract whose de livery month is May 1997. When it comes to 19970301, the contract selected for cotton should be 199703, and so on, so forth. After constructing eight continuous future contracts, we can get the time series of close-up price. The calculation of logarithmic rate of return, variance and LPM is just like the stock data. Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of futures like the mean, the standard deviation, and some others. As the bond market is not mature in China, the risk free rate that used in this article is the three-month central bank bill rate which is also from the RESSET database, same database as the closing price of stocks and futures. From the statistics in the table we can find that the logarithmic daily return of futures shows asymmetry and fat tails, far from the assumption of mean-variance model that the distribution of returns should be normal distribution, or at least a symmetric bell-shaped distribution. Thus, using variance or standard deviation or any other ki nd of symmetric statistics would be less accurate. Fitting data into econometric models should provide a better estimation of expected rate of return and risk. Table 2.1-2.4 and Table 3.1-3.3 show the estimation of coefficients using ARMA and GARCH models. The models of stock returns are mostly ARMA models, but of futures are half GARCH models and half ARMA models. Table 2 is the results of future data and table 3 is the results of stock data. From the table we can see that there are four futures which are better fit in GARCH models and for the other four, ARMA is enough as the residual series after ARMA does not show significant heteroscedasticity in error terms. As for stocks, none of the 19 stock time series show significant heteroscedasticity which means ARMA could describe the features of stock price series. One interesting finding is that only 11 stock price time series show the correlation effect while the other 8 stock price series seem to be random walk. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 are the GARCH results of future returns. Cotton, soybean meal, aluminum and copper show significant auto correlated heteroscedasticity. The basic model that used to estimate the return is ARMA model, and the first two lags show the most correlation with current logarithmic rate of return. The null hypothesis for all the coefficient in the model is the coefficient equals zero. The constant terms in the models are not significant despite that of soybean meal whose p-value is 0.0202, which means we can reject the null hypothesis under a 5% confidence level. The reason for not able to reject the null hypothesis of constant terms equaling zero may be the absolute value of daily logarithmic rate of return is too small, usually under 0.01. In such a low level the normal test to calculating p-value may become not suitable. So the value of constant terms is still used in the ultimate model to calculate the estimation of expected return although we can not reject the possibility th at it actually equals zero. Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 show the ARMA results of future returns. Wheat gluten, corn, fuel oil and rubber daily logarithmic rate of return are estimated by ARMA model. The null hypothesis is also that any coefficient equals zero with p-value stands for the probability of making mistakes when rejecting the null hypothesis. The problem is the same with that of GARCH models as the p-values are too large to reject. But still we accept this result and make forecast using the present model. In spite of the not-so-satisfying results in the constant term, the coefficients of AR term and MA term are quite significantly different from zero which can be tell from the p-values. This is also true in futures GARCH model and stocks ARMA models. The significance of correlations in logarithmic rate of return series matches the features of financial time series and is what we would like to expect when estimating these coefficients. There are 19 stock return series to be modeled, but only 11 of them shows autocorrelation with their lags. None of these shows significant heteroscedasticity in the error terms so the model chosen is ARMA model. The constant terms of each stock return model is smaller than that of future return model, and the p-value is bigger than 0.05 as expected. The current return of four stocks out of this eleven shows significant correlation with the six and seven lags, showing the existence of cycle effects in the stock market. For these four stocks, what happened in the week before affects the price of this week more compared with other time. Other seven stocks show the ordinary one or two lags correlation. The coefficients of AR and MA part are also of great significance and the null hypothesis can be rejected. For those 8 stocks which do not show the existence of autocorrelation, the processing method is to calculate the basic descriptive statistics such as mean and variance. This method may ignore the asymmetry and fat t ails of the data, but as there is no good econometric model to estimate random walk series, this simple way has its own advantage and also of quite high accuracy in estimating the expected rate of return and risk. This article use the forecast value of each model as the expected rate of return, and the variance of the sample as the expected risk for the mean-variance model of investment portfolios. For those 4 GARCH future models, the expected risk is the forecast value of the error part model. As for those eight stocks whose logarithmic daily return series are random walk, simply use the mean as the expected rate of return and the variance as the expected rate of risk. LPM1 is using the three-month central bank bill rate as fundamental rate of return because of its risk-free characteristic. The mean-LPM model also uses the results of expected rate of return from the forecast of GARCH and ARMA models as the only change in this new model is the risk measurement from variance to LP M. Someone may argue that different econometric models could cause different estimation of expected rate of return, thus the results of efficient frontiers become not so convincing. The purpose of this article is to compare the efficient frontiers of different asset portfolios, trying to find the possible improvement of adding futures into the ordinary stock portfolios. The econometric estimation is used to construct Markowitzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mean-variance model. What can be seen from Table 2 and Table 3 is that most of the assets can be fitted into ARMA model. As a matter of fact, because the absolute value of daily logarithmic rate of return is too small, the difference of constant terms between GARCH and ARMA model for the same asset is very small that can be ignored. The calculation of efficient frontiers is using MATLAB financial tool box, and the original data is what has been done above. After calculating the correlation coefficient matrix of 19 stocks and 8 futures, there is not much correlation of each asset. In fact, most of the correlations coefficients are between 0.1 to 0.3, with some of them even to be negative correlated. It suggests that the risk diversify of investment portfolios should successful using these 27 assets according to the statement of Markowitz. Table 1: Descriptive statistics of futures Soybean meal Aluminum Copper Cotton Wheat gluten Fuel oil Rubber Corn mean 0.0275 0.1074 -0.164 0.0527 0.00117 -0.0207 0.1434 0.00632 Standard deviation 1.82 1.29 2.073 1.007 0.0105 2.0109 2.11 0.928 LPM1 0.667 0.476 0.875 0.353 0.365 0.751 0.821 0.315 Skewness -0.496 -0.577 -0.326 0.237 1.19 -0.742 -0.672 0.385 kurtosis 4.45 7.445 3.31 9.12 12.57 4.63 5.60 8.515 J/B 62.15 405 10.08 746 1936 93.6 164 624 (the mean, standard deviation and LPM1 are all in percentage. LPM1 is order 1 lower partial moment with the fundamental rate is the risk free interest rate.) Table 2.1: the estimated coefficients of each model Cotton Soybean meal ARMA equation: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ma(1)*e(-1) ARMA equation: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(2)* e(-2) coefficient p-value coefficient p-value c -0.000269 0.4884 c 0.000752 0.0202 AR(1) 0.813401 0.0007 AR(2) 0.965705 0 MA(1) -0.851776 0.0001 MA(2) -0.96641 0 Variance equation: e= C(4) + C(5)*RESID(-1)^2 + C(6)*e(-1) Variance equation: e = C(4) + C(5)*RESID(-1)^2 + C(6)*e(-1) C(4) 4.83E-06 0.002 C(4) 1.18E-06 0 C(5) 0.063917 0.0002 C(5) -0.01277 0 C(6) 0.887646 0 C(6) 1.013578 0 Table 2.2: the estimated coefficients of each model (continued) Aluminum Copper ARMA equation: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ar(4)*r(-4)+ma(1)*e(-1)+ma(4)*e(-4) ARMA equation: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ar(2)*r( -2)+ma(1)*e(-1)+ma(2)*e(-2) coefficient p-value coefficient p-value c 0.000757 0.3249 c -0.00091 0.2975 ar(1) -0.12668 0.4223 ar(1) 0.675058 0 ar(4) 0.822443 0 ar(2) -0.48379 0.0007 ma(1) 0.117813 0.3959 ma(1) -0.7834 0 ma(4) -0.85309 0 ma(2) 0.64634 0 Variance equation: e= C(4) + C(5)*RESID(-1)^2 + C(6)*e(-1) Variance equation: e= C(4) + C(5)*RESID(-1)^2 + C(6)*e(-1) C(4) 5.20E-06 0.0208 C(4) 6.77E-06 0.0336 C(5) 0.046297 0.0048 C(5) 0.128242 0.0009 C(6) 0.942352 0 C(6) 0.860077 0 Table 2.3: the estimated coefficients of each model (continued) Wheat gluten Fuel oil ARMA equation: r=c+ar(3)*r(-3)+ma(3)*e(-3) ARMA equation: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ar(3)*r(-3)+ma(2)*e(-2)+ma(3)*e(-3) coefficient p-value coefficient p-value c -2.68E-05 0.9622 c -0.00057 0.787 AR(3) 0.772531 0 AR (2) 0.421234 0.0041 AR(3) 0.514736 0.0005 MA(3) -0.747211 0 MA(2) -0.3081 0.0378 MA(3) -0.55602 0.0002 Table 2.4: the estimated coefficients of each model (continued) Rubber Corn ARMA equation: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(2)* e(-2) ARMA equation: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ma(1)*e(-1) coefficient p-value coefficient p-value c -0.00161 0.2191 c -7.88E-05 0.8534 AR(2) 0.665529 0 AR(1) -0.821529 0 MA(2) -0.556 0.0002 MA(1) 0.768263 0 Table 3.1: the estimated coefficients of each model stock 01 stock 07 ARMA model: r=c+ar(6)*r(-6)+ma(6)* e(-6) ARMA model: r=c+ar(6)*r(-6)+ma(6)* e(-6) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value C -0.00125 0.0022 C -0.004621 0.0697 AR(6) 0.892999 0 AR(6) 0.972813 0 MA(6) -0.975019 0 MA(6) -0.980419 0 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ stock 02 stock 09 ARMA model: r=c+ar(6)*r(-6)+ar(7)*r(-7)+ma(6)*e(-6)+ma(7)*e(-7) ARMA model: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(2)* e(-2) coefficient p-value coefficient C -0.00057 0.5591 C -0.000835 0.3755 AR(7) -0.580883 0 AR(2) -0.832358 0 AR(6) 0.306957 0.0093 MA(2) 0.768651 0 MA(7) 0.594833 0 MA(6) -0.388734 0.0007 Table 3.2: the estimated coefficients of each model (continued) stock 03 stock 11 ARMA model: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(2)* e(-2) ARMA model: r=c+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(2)* e(-2) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value C -3.32E-05 0.9565 C 0.000128 0.8024 AR(2) 4.55E-01 0.0777 AR(2) 0.699258 0 MA(2) -0.567395 0.0176 MA(2) -0.763239 0 stock 04 stock 13 ARMA model: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(1)*e(-1)+ma(2)*e(-2) ARMA model: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(1)*e(-1)+ma(2)*e(-2) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value C 4.12E-05 0.9448 C -0.000181 0.8822 AR(1) -1.010713 0 AR(2) 0.51781 0.0152 AR(2) -0.813403 0 AR(1) 0.214893 0.5356 MA(1) 1.080601 0 MA(2) -0.538276 0.0054 MA(2) 0.880392 0 MA(1) -0.099508 0.772 stock06 stock 15 ARMA model: r=c+ar(3)*r(-3)+ar(4)*r(-4)+ma(3)*e(-3)+ma(4)*e(-4) ARMA model: r=c+ar(1)*r(-1)+ar(2)*r(-2)+ma(1)*e(-1)+ma(2)*e(-2) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value C -0.000439 0.6981 C -0.001621 0.5432 AR(4) -0.525641 0.0006 AR(1) 0.895432 0 AR(3) 0.273493 0.0475 AR(2) 0.097598 0.5815 MA(4) 0.611753 0 MA(1) -0.787578 0 MA(3) -0.145839 0.2854 MA(2) -0.226713 0.2128 Table 3.3: the estimated coefficients of each model (continued) stock 18 ARMA model: r=c+ar(6)*r(-6)+ar(7)*r(-7)+ma(6)*e(-6)+ma(7)*e(-7) à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ coefficient p-value C -0.00026 0.7174 AR(6) -0.35917 0.002 AR(7) -0.45655 0.0006 MA(6) 0.261067 0.0289 MA(7) 0.505517 0.0003 Figure 1: the efficient frontiers of stock, future and mixed portfolios using mean-variance model 19 stocks portfolio 8 futures portfolio Stock and future portfolio (The green line is the efficient frontiers of 19 stocks portfolio, the purple line (in the middle) is of 8 futures portfolio and the blue line is of the mixed stock and future portfolio.) Compared these three efficient frontiers, we can find that adding futures into the ordinary stock portfolio can greatly improve the performance of portfolios, which is even greater under lower risk level. Single future portfolio also performs well compared with single stock portfolio as it can offer higher rate of return under the same risk level. From Figure 1 we can find with the same expected return of 0.4ÃÆ'—10-3, the mixed stock and future portfolio can reduce the risk from 0.012 of single stock portfolio to less than 0.006. This more than fifty percent of risk reduction shows great practical meaning of multi-type asset investment portfolios. Figure 2: the efficient frontiers of stock, future and mixed portfolios using mean-LPM model Figure 2 shows the same results as the Fig ure 1. The mixed stock and future investment portfolio can improve the risk-return performance of portfolios. Similarly, future portfolio performs much better than stock portfolio, and it can greatly raise the expected return under higher risk level. The mixed portfolioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s improvement is mainly under low risk level, as the risk becomes bigger, the performing difference between future portfolio and mixed portfolio are not so significant, for the efficient frontiers overlap each other. The efficient frontiers are straight lines in Figure 2 while they are curves in Figure 1. The different risk measurement may result in this. Because LPM only calculates the downside risk, the risks of the portfolios which provide same return are not the same. Every single LPM must be calculated separately. So the shape of the new efficient frontiers may look different from the traditional hyperbola-shaped curves in mean-variance models. Both the mean-variance model and the mean-LPM model show that only investing in stock market can not get as much return as investing only in future market under the same risk level because the efficient frontier of stock portfolio is to the right of that of future portfolio and the distance between the two efficient frontiers is quite large. It reveals a fact that investing only in stock market can not guarantee ideal revenue. Although twenty years has passed since the establishment of Chinese stock market, there still exist some system flaws which raise the systematic risk of stocks. Thus, 19 biggest market value stocks from the market can not efficiently diversify the risk. Chinese future market resumes development since 2001, but the return of future portfolio is quite high. The efficient frontier is to the left which suggests low risk under the same rate of return. Moreover, margin trade system is implemented in future exchange, and the average leverage ratio can reach as much as fifteen. Both of them can insure a very impressive return when investing in the future market. An argument for this result is that whether it is consistent with other stocks and futures. These two figures are based on the most representative stocks and futures of Chinese capital market. Other stocks and futures may not provide such a high return but as long as they are not correlated much with each other, this improvement can also be expected as the results come from the traditional risk diversification theory of Markowitz. Although Chinese capital market is not so mature, the results of multi-type asset investing portfolios shows the similar results as that in the US and German market. Adding different types of assets into the original single-type asset investing portfolio can extremely improve the risk-return performance, with a much obvious improvement under relatively low risk level. The difference in the methods of measuring risk does not affect this conclusion. In order to get higher return, investors should r easonably allocate their fund into stock and future market to construct a multi-type asset investing portfolios instead of investing only in stock or future market. IV. Conclusion The aim of this dissertation is to find whether adding futures into a stock portfolio can improve its risk-return performance. This article uses Chinese capital market data to construct three investment portfolios: only stock portfolio, only future portfolio and the mixed stock and futures portfolio. The way to evaluate their performance is to calculate their own efficient frontiers. The main problems that exist in Chinese capital market include as follows: the behavior of market players is not standard and their corporate structure is imperfect; market structure is irrational and dysfunctional; investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectation violates greatly because of some history issues such as policy-controlled market; the regulatory functions and approaches can not meet the needs of fast developing market. These problems reduce the efficiency of capital market and make the actual distribution of returns far from the assumption of using ordinary mean-variance model. Considering the immaturity of the Chinese capital market, the simple statistical mean and variance can not reflect the true value. Under this circumstances, this article use econometric model to fit the data of security and future returns, trying to find the best estimation of expected rate of return and risk. Thus ARMA and GARCH models are introduced to better estimate the expectation. Also, the traditional way of using variance as the measurement of risk has been challenged in recent years, so this article uses the LPM (lower partial moment) to measure risk, which is more reasonable in meeting the utility function of investors. The results of sample asset portfolio analysis using mean-variance model and mean-LPM model suggest that diversifying investment into different types of assets can efficiently reduce risks. Through comparing three efficient frontiers we can find that adding futures into stock portfolio can significantly increase the expected return under same risk level. Although the ri sk measurement is not the same in mean-variance model and mean-LPM model, the conclusion of multi-type asset investment portfolio reducing risk remains the same. With this conclusion, we can find that investing in any single market can not get the expected rate of return under acceptable risk level. Especially after the huge volatility of Chinese stock market during 2007-2008, investors who only built stock portfolios suffered huge losses. One possible solution is to allocate fund into different markets to construct multi-type asset investment portfolios, which ensures a higher rate of return under a relatively low risk. Considering the reality of Chinese capital market, the best choice is to invest both in stock and future market. Investors need to find suitable stocks and futures to build up portfolios according to their own preference of risk and return. Generally speaking, higher return is companied by higher risk. As to the choosing of specific stocks and futures, investors should pay attention to the less correlated ones in order to better diversify the non-systematic risk. Because of the time and knowledge restriction, this article only discusses the general performance of stock and future portfolios. The best proportion of fund allocating to each stock and future under the sample data is not calculated, and the sample studied are only stock and future market data. As the development in Chinese capital market, more and more investment tools will appear, and the investment policy would also change with the maturing of market. The new stock index future is a very useful tool in hedging portfolios. The accurate proportion of fund allocation and adding more types of asset into portfolios are the next topics to be studied.

The Telephone Was Invented By Alexander Graham Bell

In the 1870’s the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Before the telephone the only other means of communication was the telegraph and letters. Today we have many other means of communicating with others. We use electronic mail, postal mail, telephone and media to name a few. There is an extraordinary growth in the communication business doubling from $123 billion in 2004 to $282 billion by 2010. The internet based communications systems are vastly improving the efficiency of the supply chain for the 5000 largest companies worldwide. The communication avenues we have today help the United States communicate with other countries around the world. The growth and improvement in worldwide communication adds to the significance of culturally diverse teamwork in large companies. Many companies are using global communication. Companies do not usually have the same costs involved in hiring and managing employees overseas. The ability to successfully manage a culturally diverse organization is crucial to its success. More and more companies are growing and expanding globally. This expansion increases the potential for cultural diversity within a company. When you call your local phone company, wireless provider or long distance supplier, you may be speaking to a customer service representative that is located in India or China. This has created job opportunities for underdeveloped cities, towns and countries. At the same time this has decreased the need for customerShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of Alexander Graham Bell882 Words   |  4 Pages Alexander Graham Bell was not an American born inventor. He was born in Edinburgh Scotland March 3, 1947. His father was a formal speech teacher. This might account for his early interest in speech and sound. As a boy he was so intrigued with sound he taught himself to play the piano. 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He was born to Professor Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace (nee Symonds)Read MoreAlexander Graham Bell: A Short Biography Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Graham Bell: A Short Biography Upon hearing the name Alexander Graham Bell, we remember the inventor of the telephone. However, Alexander was much more than just the inventor of the telephone. As a matter of fact he was an audiologist. His family was the leading authorities in elocution and speech correction. He had improved and carried on his families business, along with his brothers. Alexander had created the phone at an early age among inventors- only 29. Later in his career BellRead MoreA Brief Biography of Alexander Graham Bell Essay example1345 Words   |  6 Pages 91% of adults use cellphones, and without his invention of the telephone, there would never be cellphones, and the way we communicate with the world would be entirely different. (Pewresarch) Michael Hart’s book The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History ranks Alexander Graham Bell as the forty second most influential person in history and he is one of the most influential persons in history. Alexander Graham Bell’s influences of his father and grandfather caused him to takeRead MoreThe Invention Of The Telephone882 Words   |  4 Pagespeople use telephones on a daily basis, usually without the user considering what process the inventors like Alexander Graham Bell went through in order to produce the first ever version of this device. The telephone has served an important role in connecting people throughout the world with the push of a few buttons. First beginning its journey in the 1830s, the telephone started out as a simple telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse (history.com). According to Antonio, the telegraph was the firstRead MoreAlexander Graham Bell Essay 101602 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Graham Bell, a man who best known for inventing the telephone. Most people dont know he spent the majority of his life teaching and helping the deaf. Educating the hearing impaired is what he wished to be remembered for. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother was a painter of miniature portraits and also loved to play the piano even though she was nearly deaf. Alecks mother knew that he had a talent for music and always encouraged him to play (MatthewsRead More Alexander Graham Bell Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Graham Bell Works Cited Missing The importance of Alexander Graham Bell on today’s society is visible, or rather audible, every day and everywhere. First and foremost, Alexander Graham Bell was a prolific teacher of the deaf. This is what he considered to be his true life’s work, but only one of the many important things he did. Through his research of speech and sound, and his creative mind, he would become one of the most influential inventors in modern history. His own definitionRead MoreEssay Alexander Graham Bell1581 Words   |  7 Pages Alexander Graham Bell, a man who best known for inventing the telephone. Most people don’t know he spent the majority of his life teaching and helping the deaf. Educating the hearing impaired is what he wished to be remembered for. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His mother was a painter of miniature portraits and also loved to play the piano even though she was nearly deaf. Aleck’s mother knew that he had a talent for music and always encouraged

What You Do Not Know About Creative Writing College

What You Do Not Know About Creative Writing College Over the duration of the period, students' interests will be developed into the right proposals and pitches essential to pursue commissioned work. In the United States, States have various ways of regulating their colleges. Students have to be a high school junior or senior at the right time of application. Very passionate regarding the school. The Bad Side of Creative Writing College The week before you are going to workshop, you're going to be asked to bring a replica of your work for each individual in the class. Writer's block includes the territory. Also, there are several courses offered over the summertime, so one can complete two decades of a traditional program in a year and a half. Get promoted two or three times. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. 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Food Safety and Consumers Constructions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Food Safety and Consumers Constructions. Answer: Introduction: Divorce or separations in a marriage situation is an issue affecting characters in this position due to the dilemma they face during the sharing of assets and finances after divorce(Chiappori 2002). Depending on the time couples spend in marriages, financial sharing becomes an issue to consider upon dissolution. Every party should benefit from the separation especially if they do not have kids who complicate the situation Marriage agreements in the event of divorce depend on the time made and the kind of contribution each of the parties. However, the law states that in case of a divorce, the couple making more money regardless of their gender is mandated to contribute for spouse maintenance to ensure the wellbeing of the lower paid. It is the right of each partner to benefit from a divorce situation by the fair sharing of properties and finances(Constable 2003). There are therefore some agreements and contracts signed before or after marriage to secure the parties even in the event of a loss. If for example the deal is approved before marriage, the union might be considered as a contractual marriage(Chiappori 2002). Agreements after the wedding are different in such a way that the first intention was not money and therefore the court can be fair when dealing with financial disputes. In the case of Susan, it is her right to ask for more financial support from her advice upon divorce as he earns more and also possesses more assets. Despite the agreement to take a certain amount of money after divorce, she is entitled to more. It is not even under the law to have such like an agreement as marriage is a great responsibility that deserves more appreciation under the law(Constable 2003). The main reason as to why Tom might have asked for such a commitment is because he knows that his wife is worth more upon divorce and did not want to give more Marriage agreements provide more benefit to the couple with less wealth as they have to be supported in the case of a divorce by getting some share of the finances owned by their partner according to the law. Consumer purchase rights act to protect a buyer from binding themselves to a deal before signing any contracts or making the first payments. They can even decide to change their minds and request a different item or cancel their order even after starting their payments(Reform 2010). An individual becomes responsible for an item when they receive it safely from the supplier or seller. During the process of deal-making or transportation, the company is responsible for anything that might happen to their products as they would have to suffer any profits or losses(Reform 2010). When a client has booked a product at lets say $2, and another one comes before the consumer get their order with a higher offer like $4, then the business is allowed to take up this new order. The same way for the consumer, they can change their minds or get a better offer with another supplier after they have already ordered with the previous business. Neither the buyer or the seller is legally limited to have a change of mind even after agreeing except if there is already a down payment or full payment of the goods(Jensen 2005). Steve has a right to choose a product somewhere else despite the improvements that Jason had done on the car to meet his demands. The visits were only unofficial, and there were no deals made or contracts made concerning the purchase(Jensen 2005). It is possible that Steve goes a better deal on the same, or changed preference. Since he had not paid any money for the product, then he was not bound to buying that product. Consumer rights Act protects the buyer from getting forced to purchase a product just because the supplier claim to have to spend a lot to meet their demands before they made a payment. The law protects any individual who gets hurt from a careless practice from either another individual or an organization. Activities involving food should always be conducted under the highest hygiene and consideration to prevent any adverse issues that might result from carelessness(Draper 2002). If you happen to prepare food that is of a contrary impact on the users, then you are held accountable for what might happen to them. So many people have used hotels for food poisoning or food-related diseases as a result of their services and obtained justice and compensation from a court of law(Ergnl 2013). It might, however, depend on whether the party to blame had an idea that their operations could hurt the recipients. Carl was wrong to cook with no experience of cleaning the type of Fish which ended up poisoning his fried Harry. If Harry wants to file a lawsuit against his friend, then he has all the rights because such actions can lead to worse situations later hospitalization, like death(Draper 2002). Conclusion Every consumer is protected against careless activities from others which might end up harming them by regulations that allow them to follow legal procedures and obtain justice. A business should ensure that their advertisement of a particular product matches the properties of resulting item. Exaggerated advertisements or branding might raise consumer expectations and motivate them to make a purchase only to be disappointed(Beauchamp 2004). The law allows for compensation if a consumer is previously misled by a products branding or advertisement. That means that the product they get at the end of the day is not the one they ordered for as there was a misleading information(Grazioli 2000). The public or a specific individual can decide to sue the company for false advertisements and low-quality delivery. Bettys rights were violated because she ordered for a high quality phone with features that were interesting to her only to receive lower than that(Beauchamp 2004). If she is not ready to take this product delivered, then she has a right to push for a refund because the law protects consumers from deception. Apple is in danger of business misconduct because their actions can be described as deception which is against the ethics of operations. References Beauchamp, T.L, 2004, Ethical theory and business. Chiappori, P.A., 2002, ' Marriage market, divorce legislation, and household labor supply. ', Journal of political Economy, pp. 110(1), pp.37-72. Constable, N, 2003, ' A transnational perspective on divorce and marriage: Filipina wives and workers', Global Studies in Culture and Power, pp. 10(2), pp.163-180. Draper, A., 2002, ' Food safety and consumers: constructions of choice and risk. ', Social Policy Administration, vol 36(6), pp. pp.610-625. Ergnl, B, 2013, 'Consumer awareness and perception to food safety: a consumer analysis.', Food control, vol 32(2), pp. pp.461-471. Grazioli, S.A., 2000, 'Perils of Internet fraud: An empirical investigation of deception and trust with experienced Internet consumers.', vol 30(4), no. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, , pp. pp.395-410. Jensen, S, 2005, ' A legislative history of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005', pp. 79, p.485. Reform, D.F., 2010, ' Consumer Protection Act. Public Law', , pp. 111, p.203.