Managing Diversity Essay Example for Free

Managing Diversity Essay Various literatures indicate that managing diversity within today’s labor force has become a primary concern for companies and organizations today. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), compared with the labor force of past decades, today’s labor force is older, more racially and ethnically diverse, and composed of more women. Over the next decade, the labor force will become even more racially and ethnically diverse (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Non-Hispanic whites made up 67.5 percent of the U.S. labor force in 2010 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), projects that this group will compose 62.3 percent of the labor force in 2020, a decline of 5.2 percent. By 2020, the Hispanic, Asian, and African American labor force are all supposed to make up 18.6, 5.7, and 12.0 percent, respectively (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). The only way that diversity can be managed successfully is in an organizational culture that values diversity (Sidel, 2009). According to Kulik and Roberson (2009), when an organization values diversity, the people work better together. If people don’t work well together, the organization does not work well (Kulik Roberson, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to explain the difference between the terms managing diversity and valuing diversity, and the four key components that make up diversity management. Differences between Managing Diversity and Valuing Diversity In order to better understand how diversity management fits into an organizational culture that values diversity, certain distinctions must first be made. One must know the difference between diversity management and culture of diversity. Diversity management involves establishing long term goals to develop, promote, and utilize the skills of a diverse workforce (Marquis, Lim, Scott, 2008). By culture of diversity, it is meant that an institutional environment is built on the values of fairness, diversity, mutual respect, understand, and cooperation (Loden Rosener, 1991). A culture that values diversity emphasizes the importance of employees of different races, cultures, ages, genders, sexual orientations, values, beliefs, ethics, and abilities to work together effectively (Lussier, 2012). Diversity Management with an Emphasis on Valuing Diversity There are four main aspects of diversity management are the support of top management, diversity leadership, policies and procedures, and diversity  training (Lussier, 2012). There must be an emphasis of valuing diversity into each of the four aspects of diversity management: management support, diversity leadership, policies, and training. Management Support Diversity management begins with support from top management. While valuing diversity most often begins at the bottom in organizations, it must involve those at the top if it is to succeed long term (Loden Rosener, 1991). Fostering the right organizational culture is one of the most important responsibilities of a chief executive (McDermott, 2001). Billings-Harris and Anderson (2010) state: The CEO’s understanding and willingness to engage and challenge the organization’s leaders with respect to the vision, business strategy, financials, goals, and objectives are critical for survival. This is no less true for the CEO’s involvement with the inclusion and diversity strategy. When led effectively, these initiatives are embedded in the overall strategy and can act as one of a few powerful people-focused catalysts that drive business results. (p.28) Cox (2001), asserts that to ensure management support in diversity initiatives, an organization should create a separate senior executive position focused on diversity objectives. This diversity director should be involved in all aspects of the firm and should attempt to make diversity an overall business requirement (Cox, 2001). Loden and Rosener (1991) state that once diversity is accepted as an organizational value, a new set of assumptions begins to operate within the organization, and that these assumptions are based on the positive contributions that diversity is perceived to offer. As part of a long-term strategy aimed at changing the corporate culture, many executives participate in team building sessions and other activities designed to encourage open dialogue among employees about diversity issues (Lod en Rosener, 1991). Diversity Leadership The second key aspect to diversity management is diversity leadership. Leaders should be able to influence employees to work toward the organization’s objectives (Lussier, 2012). The organization’s leadership should cultivate a mindset that acknowledges that diversity requires long-term cultural change and interprets diversity to include all people (Loden, 1996). Loden (1996) states that rhetorical statements advocating  diversity will not by themselves motivate change, and extensive leadership involvement is needed to help diffuse the principles of diversity throughout the organization and into the attitudes of employees. This involvement requires time and energy on the part of senior leaders and is the most significant sign that diversity is a high priority in an organization (Loden, 1996). Policies and Procedures Policies and procedures of an organization regarding diversity make up the third aspect of diversity management. â€Å"EEO is a legalistic response to workplace discrimination originally mandated by law. Affirmative action programs are outgrowths of equal employment law.† (Loden Rosener, 1991) Loden and Rosener (1991) conclude that while these programs have led to changes in the composition of the labor force, they have not been linked to an organizational culture change. They state that valuing diversity builds on the basic premise of equal employment law and affirmative action, and that by focusing on the quality of the work environment, valuing diversity moves beyond affirmative action (Loden Rosener, 1991). It acknowledges that hiring and promoting diverse people does not automatically lead to mutual respect, cooperation, and true integration (Loden Rosener, 1991). Diversity Training The last aspect of diversity management is diversity training, also sometimes referred to as awareness training. Diversity training programs aim to make people more aware of the issues and the opportunities that exist in reducing differential treatment, including awareness of attitudes behaviors, and biases (Morrison, 1992). According to Morrison (1992), focusing on theories, principles, demographic changes, and organizational benefits of increased diversity is common in diversity training, but it is unlikely to cause individuals to examine their personal values, attitudes, and behaviors. Diversity education is not achieved by one or two workshops, but requires a consistent, continuous effort to understand diversity concepts (Thomas, 2005). Diversity or awareness training for most organizations should consist of three major steps: (1) Begin with leadership education. (2) Follow up with general manager and employee education about stereotyping and the dimensions of diversity. (3) Continue with ongoing seminars in  managing diversity as a vital resource, understanding the dimensions of diversity, career development/efficacy of training for diverse employees, and so on (Loden Rosener, 1991, p. 204). Accountability for Diversity Even though it is not one of the four main aspects of diversity management, it is important to talk about rewarding behavior that values diversity. As efforts to create the culture of diversity evolve, Morrison (1992) states that the three most commonly revised administrative procedures to hold employees accountable are performance evaluations and resulting financial rewards, succession planning, and promotion systems. Employees and management at all levels should be held accountable for nurturing a culture that values diversity, and responsibility must be distributed throughout the organization if diversity goals are to be achieved (Morrison, 1992). Even in cases where employees do not personally endorse the philosophy, their workplace behavior should still be expected to support this change (Loden Rosener, 1991). Conclusions In conclusion, diversity management does not focus on recruitment and hiring practices. Recruitment and hiring polices, such as Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action, are short term objectives and do not address organizational growth and development (Marquis, Lim, Scott, 2008). Diversity management is a long term focus on developing and utilizing the skills of a divorce labor force and focuses on striving to achieve organizational objectives while creating a positive work environment (Marquis, Lim, Scott, 2008). However, diversity management is only effective if the culture of the organization values diversity (Sidel, 2009). An emphasis on valuing diversity needs to be implemented and supported by top management, and the leaders of an organization need to cultivate the belief and value of diversity (Loden, 1996). Programs and policies must go above and beyond the minimum legal requirements for recruitment and selection (Loden Rosener, 1991). Training and awareness pr ograms should include education about differences in beliefs, cultures, and opinions (Morrison, 1992).

International Liberalism Theory

International Liberalism Theory Liberalism Views Liberalism earned its recognition in the 18th century from Western political philosophy where German writer Immanuel Kant and French author Baron de Montesquieu determined its relevance to international politics. In the 19th century, British philosophers John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham wrote about liberalism as it affected the world. Many global leaders examined the elements of liberalism in their policies and wrote about them applying them to international situations. Liberalist views have a positive factor that people, countries and governments can work together to solve their problems and make peace within the world. Liberalism Theories Some liberalism theories show there are many challenges that have not been overcome that would ease the suffering of the world. Liberals view international relations as cooperative, constructive efforts between countries and governments to aid poor nations to promote global welfare and economic stability. However, liberalists also believe in promoting capitalism and economic prosperity through global democracy, self-regulation of the markets, equality, liberty and restricted governmental control. Modern liberalism supports coordinating both state and non-state relations to promote global peace and improve the political, economic and social situations around the world (Burchill, 2001, 54-69, 9-10). International Liberalism Liberals are optimistic about the role of the organization. International organizations include not only intergovernmental organizations IGOs but also nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). â€Å"Liberals also see international organizations as shaping the international landscape. International organizations include not only intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) but also nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that can have both public and private functions.† (Doyle, 1995, 74-77). Governments are important because they have independent and indirect influences on the domestic and foreign policies of states. Cooperation between state governments is needed for organizations to achieve their goals. The nature of international relations combines conflict and cooperation between states and non-state organizations because they rely on one another. Competing interests can control or lobby the government to achieve their goals. Liberals are also concerned about the individuals involved because they are part of the society. There are many organizations other than the state that believe in the realist approach and focus on the nation-state, while liberal thinking analyzes the individual person. Liberals view the international world as it deals with each other through global trade agreements, travelers visiting or studying abroad, and international institutions like the United Nations, where no governmental control from the realist’s point of view does not quite cover all the different contexts of daily life. Liberals feel that realists view nations as warring forces that try to balance power through force. However, that is not the liberalist view (Doyle, 1995, 60-65). Liberalism Among Nations Liberalists believe an international society that can work together with all countries can help them solve their problems. This involves international trade between nations, and a different outlook where disorder is not useful and wars should end so people can work together and live in peace. Liberals feel that realists make countries out to be always conflicting with each other, and never getting along or having a balance of power. Liberals view the future as full of growth and independence that will make the differences between international and domestic politics lead to a universe that has no borders. Environmental problems are an example of how the world is all in the same situation, no matter how developed or wealthy their nation is. However, realists that that the Middle East may be the exception to the rules, since there may always be political problems there due to oil profits and the threat of Muslim terrorism to countries like the US (especially after the problems with the World Trade Center hijackings and the fact that 16 out of 19 of the terrorists were from the Middle East) (Brown, 2005, 4-8). The US believed Iraq needed government intervention to ensure the stability of their society because through liberalism, they would be able to achieve peace. No getting involved in the internal affairs of states should be a basic international law. The US was willing to get involved in Iraq because they saw an opportunity to appear to be helping them solve their problems and also gain military presence within the Middle East. Without outside interference, the Iraqi situation might have become much worse, according to the US, since Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship was overpowering the poor people and destroying their economy. Neoliberalists believed that the US could invade and gain cooperation with the Iraqi people so the state’s issues would be resolved. (However, now everyone knows that the US only wanted to gain control of Iraqis oil supply) (Brown, 2005, 153, 155, 158, 255). Comparing Liberalism to Realism and Idealism Theories The liberalism and realism theories involved in domestic politics suggest that the use of force by various groups often leads to the government trying to maintain power through media intervention, turning the public against the attackers, and a show of sympathy by the rulers to gain the public’s support and sympathy. The major assumptions of realism explain that the Saudi government and the terrorists are the only significant players in the situation, that military force is the principal method of solving problems, and that the overall security of the country is the key objective that must be achieved. The main concept behind liberalism is that there is a balance of power that must be kept at all times between the governing parties and those who they are trying to please. The liberalist view explains how war is only needed in seriously dangerous circumstances, not for the development of universal community or for the growth of the economy. In a country like Saudi Arabia, the religious Matawas feel the Saudi government is being influenced and controlled by America and the United Nations to conform to their society’s rules or risk losing oil contracts and other business negotiations (Nathanson, 2002, 48-52). When applying these theories of realism and liberalism to countries with political problems, it helps to explain how their internal difficulties would be very complex to find solutions for. Saudi’s internal political problems relate to what exactly is a legitimate use of force, and when is it acceptable to apply it. The Matawas felt that since the government was not listening to their protests concerning the changing policies that would open up the nation and allow for a totally new society to develop, that bombing innocent people was the just method of retaliating (Voegelin, 1974, 3-8, 205). Although liberalism is a more positive and helpful theory, realism is the most popular concept in international politics where the worst problem is war and military force, and the major characters involved are the countries or states themselves. Realists believe that liberals overstate the difference between international politics and domestic politics, since realists see the state of war as only needed under very critical circumstances, and liberals refuse to see the benefits of economic independence, growth and development of international global communities. Realists believe that states do not always go to war, and they have many other options, such as peace and trade between nations (Brown, 2005, 4-7, 45). While realist views emphasize continuity, permanence and stability within the society, liberal views stress change is needed, especially in the Middle Eastern region, since the world is said to be moving past anarchy to a better overall situation that desires world peace. Combining continuity and change is the best overall solution, however, the mixture of both liberalist and realist views would have to involve altering human behavior, which is almost impossible, especially on an international and political level that depends on unethical governments for their decision-making. Idealists believe international relations should focus more on the actual causes of global conflicts and how they can be changed for the better. Idealists look for ways to improve the situations, and create peace and stability within all nations. Idealists want to reduce illiteracy and inequality in the world and allow for more education and job opportunities. They want to rid the world of poverty and starvation, and fight against liberalists who believe the situation is may be difficult or cannot be resolved without the help of governments (Voegelin, 1974, 120-127). Conclusion Liberalists feel the alliances and contacts that manage to be formed across borders (like the UN and USA getting involved during global conflicts) form a global society that represents a non-warring world that must exist alongside the warring world. Liberalists feel that realists overstate the differences between national and global politics as a state of war, which concentrates only on the worst part of the situation. Liberalists believe that realists overlook the growth and development of economic independence and the progress of a international society. However, countries at war find resolutions and negotiate their way back into society with the help of others, and their economies can then succeed. REFERENCE Steins, J. (2004). Introduction to International Relations, Perspectives and Themes. London: Longman. Doyle, M. (1986) Liberalism and World Politics. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, Issue 2. Solomon, B. (1998). Warriors for change. National Journal, Vol. 30, Issue 21. Burchill, S. (2001). Theories of International Relations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, C. (2005). Understanding International Relations. London: Palgrave. Voegelin, E. (1974). Liberalism and its History. The Review of Politics, Vol. 36, Issue 4. Scruton, R. (1996). Idealism, A Dictionary of Political thought. UK: MacMillan. Nathanson, S. (2002). Idealism World Book. UK: Pearson. Das, R. (1999). Politicism and idealism in state theory. Science and Society, Vol. 63, Issue 1. Groody, D. (2002). Border of Death, Valley of Life. UK: Rowan and Littlefield Publishing.

Responsibilities as a Student Radiographer in Patient Care

Responsibilities as a Student Radiographer in Patient Care Introduction Radiography is the fulcrum around which the rest of medicine revolves. Its significance in healthcare means thatin order for radiographers and student radiographers to deliver good service, they must take a number of precautions to ensure that the high standards in this profession are met. This assignment will emphasise key responsibilities of a student radiographer in respect to patient care. It will summarise and explain four important points which are: confidentiality, consent, communication and radiation protection. The assignment will be linked and referenced to relevant sources researched, such as the NHS constitution and the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) alongside other legislations and published work that analyse the objective. Finally, this assignment will then end with a conclusion of the points that were discussed. Confidentiality The duty to maintain patient confidentiality is fundamental to Radiography or any other healthcare professions and is enriched in the law, ethics and in professional codes of practice and conduct (Cuthbert Quallington 2008). Radiographers and students are expected to follow the Data Protection Act 1998 which was designed to provide a legal framework that outlines the protection of the privacy of personal data when used with information technology and to be kept within strict professional boundaries. The Code of Conduct of Ethics (2008) states that radiographers and student radiographers must not share the medical or personal details of a patient with anyone except those healthcare professionals who are essential to the well being of the patient. Ultimately, if patients information is shared out of these legal boundaries, then this could result is prosecution (Gov UK 2016). Student radiographers would have access to, and are entrusted with patients sensitive information relating to their health and other matters as part of the patient seeking treatment. The patients do so in confidence and they have the legitimate expectation that staff and students will respect their privacy and act appropriately. (Department of Health 2003). The Health Care Professions Council 2016 clearly state that student radiographers must respect confidentiality by keeping information about service users and carers strictly confidential and only use it for the original purpose it was given. It also states that student radiographers must ensure to remove any information that could be used to identify a service user in their academic work related to their programme (HCPC 2016). It is vital that patients are informed and made aware of information disclosures that must take place in order to provide them with high quality care (Department of Health 2003). As a student radiographer it is extremely important to respect the patients decision if they chose not to allow certain information to be shared and disclosed. Service users and patients must be comfortable and believe that they can talk honestly and frankly without feeling a sense of fear of exposure, otherwise they may hold back and not share information which is not only important to them, but the well being of others. Jones (2003) found that confidentiality is clearly valued by patients, and see it as something vital to the medical consultation, and feel that disclosure of their information to others without their consent can lead them to deter from seeking treatment in the future. Consent Communication and patient safety play important roles in being an effective mammographer and providing patient care.

The Cuban Revolution and the Triumph of Women in Cuba Essay examples --

Fidel Castro and the M-26-7 successfully seized power of Cuba’s government in 1959, after years of fighting. The M-26-7’s nationalist movement was able to knock the corrupt leader, Fulgencio Batista, out of power, and in 1961 Castro deemed the revolution to be officially of a Marxist nature. Throughout his 40-year stay as president, Castro has not allowed his revolution to stall, but rather he has allowed it to progress and adapt as he has seen fit. In relation with Castro’s revolution in Cuba has been another revolution, that of the Cuban women. Castro himself described the changes in women’s public and private lives as "a revolution within a revolution". In a true system of equality, as in the one Castro holds as his ideal, equality reaches all people across all lines whether they are lines of race, class, or gender. Throughout Castro’s campaign, starting in 1953 with the failed Moncada attack, Castro has used historic referenciality to appeal to the Cuban population. Castro’s most often mentioned historical figure is no other than the national hero, Josà © Martà ­. While Martà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s view on women is suspect to debate, his opinion on equality is very clear. Martà ­ once said, "Respect for the freedom and ideas of others, of even the most wretched being, is my fanaticism. When I die, or if I am killed, it will be because of that." The crux of this prophetic quote was borrowed by Castro on a broader level when he attained power and based his entire social structure on equality. Women in pre-revolutionary Cuba Gender differences were enormous in Cuba before the Cuban revolution. The prototypical woman of the old republic according to a leading journalist of the revolution, Mirta Rodrà ­guez Calderà ³n, was Yina the prostitute. A poor wo... ...reignty against the colonizers who exterminated the auctoctonous population, of the interventionists who sought to take up our Island, of the dictators and governments in power under the disgraceful servitude of transnational mandates impoverishing the country. Resolute and brave women patriots engaged in every necessary period of the war for national liberation. When the people took power, women identified the starting revolution, as their own Revolution, which immediately established education and medical care services free for all without distinction, the land and urban reforms, measures of greatly popular benefits made it clear what the revolution intended to do, and therefore they embraced at once, participating intensively in all construction and defense works of the new society that opened its doors with all the rights and opportunities they never had before.

19th Century Women :: Victorian Era

Purpose Statement: This paper will outline the role of women in society during the Victorian Era and present some real life examples from the Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey of 19th century women following their roles and at times having the those roles challenged by the difficulty of the trail. 19th-Century Women Women in the nineteenth century, for the most part, had to follow the common role presented to them by society. This role can be summed up by what historians call the "cult of domesticity". The McGuffey Readers does a successful job at illustrating the women's role in society. Women that took part in the overland trail as described in "Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey" had to try to follow these roles while facing many challenges that made it very difficult to do so. One of the most common expectations for women then is that they are responsible for doing the chore of cleaning whether it is cleaning the house, doing the laundry. The McGuffey Readers mentions the women's duty to clean in a multiple places. In this handbook it gives clear directions to the woman on what she is to do when cleaning, "This ceremony completed, and the house thoroughly evacuated, the next operation is to smear the wall and ceilings with brushes dipped into a solution of limeÂ… (Gorn 111)." The book explains how it is the women's job to thoroughly clean the house once a year in a manner that sounds very laborious! It further states, "The misfortune is, that the sole object is to make things clean (Gorn 112)." In this part of the book it is very clear that it is saying that the woman's duty is to clean. In Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey it illustrates this in a couple of passages. For example, one woman wrote in her diary, "Oh! Horrors how shall I express it; it is the dreaded washing day . . . but washing must be done and procrastination won't do it for me (Schlissel 83)." Although this woman obviously did not like doing the washing she saw it as her job to do. In addition, the book describes this scene, "The banks of a river would be lined with women who carried their kettles, their washtubs, and piles of unwashed linen (Schlissel 82)." Again, it is the women who are doing the cleaning. The McGuffey Readers being the handbook that young girls would read in school taught them that it was their place to do the cleaning.

Modernists

Literature has evolved time and time again as individuals and societies experiment and explore different themes and techniques in writing.   Modernism is a particular literary movement that follows the Romantic and Victorian eras of poetry.   While its definition composes many different elements, such as the rise of pessimistic thought caused by postwar disillusionment, and the rise in appeal of the imagist movement.Davis and Jenkins cite Peter Brooks who claims that readers have to acknowledge a â€Å"plurality of modernisms which sought to innovate on different artistic and cultural fronts† (3) while continuing to argue that â€Å"modernism is an unfinished project† (4).   Lee and Jenkins also argue that modernism is a function more of place than timeThree poets forged the way for this movement in English poetry:   William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, and Dylan Thomas.   As evidenced by these poets, modernist poetry is a mixture of many diverse elements, includ ing pessimistic themes, disjointed time and recurring symbolic images whose understanding may depend more upon psychology than the intrinsic beauty of nature.William Butler Yeats is the oldest of these three, but not the first to write in the modern style.   As he began experiencing with the poetic transitions, he came to be known as a realist-symbolist who revealed meaning through symbol.   T.S. Eliot is often credited as one of the poets that began the movement, along with Ezra Pound, and is known also for his symbols and haunting poetic images.Dylan Thomas is also known for his highly ordered images which represented the cycling of life for humankind.  Ã‚   All three presented themes that would have turned the poets of earlier eras, known for complimentary elegies, harmonious pastorals, and carefully ordered time, to drink.Eliot’s poem, â€Å"The Waste Land,† considered by most literary reviewers as the quintessential modernist poem, offers a spiritual yet dis connected view of society which mirrored the wasteland produced the spiritual disillusionment felt during the 1920s and the physical hardships associated with the Depression, the rise of Hitler and the threat of another war (Abrams 2137).   Eliot’s poems probe into the psyche of man that could live during any time period.   They leave behind the romantic and the beautiful to deal with the obscure and the dark aspects of humanity.The first four lines of â€Å"Waste Land,† illuminate the ideas of precise images and theme.   The suggestion that â€Å"April is the cruelest month† (â€Å"The Waste Land† ln. 1) runs counter to the idea that spring is a time of renewal and rebirth.   The image of lilacs growing from the arid land and of roots withering from the lack of rain support the initial assertion of the first line.   Throughout this lengthy poem, Eliot twists images from what the reader expects to see into something unexpected and thought-provok ing.Likewise, in Yeats’ â€Å"Leda and the Swan,†Ã‚   past history would suggest that this poem might be in praise of a Greek deity, when it actually, through its images, seems to be chronicling a rape.   The first four lines suggest this image rather clearly:A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy his dark webs, her nape caught in his bill,He holds her helpless breast upon his breast† (lns. 1-4).Similarly, Thomas’ images of a misshapen man in the park are juxtaposed with images of animals.   He â€Å"slept at night in a dog kennel†(ln.11) and was â€Å"eating bread from a newspaper† (ln. 7). None of these images are veiled in the rosy light of Romanticism and present rather sad, violent and pessimistic images of society.In contrast with the chronological narratives of Romantic and Victorian poetry, these poets’ works are essentially nonlinear.   The words are broken and fragme nted, and only at the end do these seemingly unrelated bits come together, if at all.   Time and structure in these poems are fragmented.   F.R. Leavis in â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry† discusses this concept of fragmented time in depth as necessary to presenting the realism sought after by these poets. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† clearly reveals this disjointed and chaotic journey through the mind of an everyman.   The poems shifts time periods and locations several times, but remain an imagistic representation of England with its nightlife, discussions of Renaissance art, and references to Shakespeare’s Hamlet.The action takes place entirely within the head of the speaker, who is deliberating about attending a social function.   He ponders as his brain wonders chaotically from one topic to the next. ).   In line 69, the speaker becomes aware of his own ramblings and muses, â€Å"And how should I begin?†Ã‚   Later, he qu eries, almost nonsensically, as if he, himself, has become the embodiment of the chaos of swiftly moving time:â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦Ã‚  I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled† (lns. 120-121).   Ã‚  This fragmentation of time seems to lead, as it does in â€Å"The Waste Land† to disastrous results as evidenced by the last line of the poem – â€Å"and we drown† (ln. 130).   The disjointedness of time and thought seems to be representative of a confused state of mind, both in individuals and in society.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Waste Land† begins in arid desolation, both physically and spiritually for its inhabitants.   In the first stanza of Part I, the chronology moves swiftly from the present reflection of the speaker to a childhood memory, back to the reflection, and then to another incident a year in the past.   This style is much like that of an interior monologue, in which the thoughts of the speaker are presented just as they flow, without any organization, to help the reader understand.   Yeats presents a similar confusion in â€Å"The Second Coming.†Ã‚   This poem projects to the return of a god figure, but not with rejoicing.   The society is described by the first four lines as fragmented and chaotic:Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† (lns. 1-4).Again, the vision of fragmentation is created by the images presented in the first four lines of this poem.A common theme among the modernist poets is that of the individual alienated from his society, a society that is generally as fragmented and dysfunctional as time.   The grandeur to which Prufrock ascribes his place in the world, as exhibited by â€Å"Dare I dare/Disturb the universe?† (lns. 45-46). Prufrock, with all of his insecurities, ineptitude and physical shortcomings, and the masses of individual s he represents, will never be able to actually disturb the inner machinations of the universe.   Similarly, â€Å"The Waste Land† offers no heroic figure for the readers to identify; the speaker can be anyone, but his demise is certain to occur and certain to happen alone.Likewise, all three of these poems seem to be fascinated with death, not as the ultimate redemption as presented by earlier poets, but as a frightening, even horrible, reality that should be challenged.   Eliot’s â€Å"Love Song† ends with the figurative death of not only Prufrock but of society as a whole.   â€Å"The Waste Land† describes a society that is in a state of apocalypse.   Yeat’s poem, â€Å"The Second Coming† describes, as discussed above, a disjointed society that fear the return of a savior, the new deity:That twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,  Slouches tow ards Bethlehem  to be born?† (lns. 18-22).This example parallels Eliot’s â€Å"Journey of the Magi† which adopts the persona of the Biblical magi who describe their journey as not joyful, but full of hardship.   They question their dedication to the birth and actually equate it with death, seemingly contradicting the traditional Christmas story:     Ã‚  The lines  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this Birth was  Hard and bitter agony for us, like Death, our death.  We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,  But no longer at ease here, in the old dispensation,  With an alien people clutching their gods. I  should be glad of another death (lns. 38-43). Reveal this questioning that has resulted from the disillusionment and doubt with the classical views of religionlThomas actually suggests battling with death almost physically in his poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.†Ã‚   He continually exhorts those near death to â€Å"Rage, Rage against the dying of the light† in the last line of each stanza.   Instead of accepting death as a reward for a Christian life, these poets present death as a time of fear and uncertainty which could be representative of a spiritual disillusionment. Even theological elements of Christianity and life-after-death are no longer held sacred by the modern poets.While modernism, at least as Yeats, Eliot, and Thomas present it, may be a reflection of many different eras of poetry, it deviates in its themes, symbols and chaotic presentation of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The pessimistic themes and perplexing images they create are reflective of the societal and spiritual disillusionment prevalent in this postwar era.   These poets are icons of modernist thought and poetry.   Their complex works reject the focus on beauty and narration that other genres utilize and paint a picture of mankind and society as a spiritually arid and ghastly.Works CitedAbrams, M.H. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Liter ature:   The Major Authors.   6thEd. New York:   Norton, 1996Eliot, T.S. â€Å"The Journey of the Magi†Ã¢â‚¬â€.   â€Å"The Love Song of   J. Alfred Prufrock†Ã¢â‚¬â€.   â€Å"The Waste Land†Jenkins, Lee M. and Alex Davis.   Locations of Literary Modernism: Region and Nation inBritish and American Modernist Poetry. Cambridge, UK:   Cambridge UniversityPress, 2000.  Leavis, F.R. â€Å"T.S. Eliot’s Later Poetry.†Ã‚   T.S. Eliot:   A Collection of Critical Essays. HughKenner, Ed.   New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1962.Thomas, D. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night†Ã¢â‚¬â€ â€Å"The Hunchback in the Park†Yeats, W.B. â€Å"The Second Coming†Ã¢â‚¬â€. â€Å"Leda and the Swan†

High School and Younger Girls Essay

I chose to write this paper on bullying and its effect on school. In my middle school years, after I had moved here from Alaska, I was bullied a lot because I was new to the school and it was such a small town. It had effects on me that still affect me today. For example, if someone says my name or taps me on the back I don’t turn around because when I was younger girls would do that to me and then laugh at me. I feel bullying is a serious subject and that’s why I chose to look further in to it. The article I chose to do was Bullying in School: The Traumatic Effects of Bullying on Children by Dr. Terry Ehiorobo. The beginning of his article starts off by explaining how bullying has gotten out of hand and what is being done about it. For example, a child getting bullied ended up suing his school because on one was doing anything to stop the bullying, and he even won. In his article he explains different types of bullying situations using certain examples. Dr. Ehiorobo says in his article, â€Å"The world of bullying has a life of its own. It takes no prisoners and its effects can be long lasting and endemic in some cases.† Bullying is a very serious issue in today’s society and I’m glad something is being done to put a spotlight on it. If a stop is put to bullying kids will do better in school, therefor having a better effect on the rest of their lives. Works Cited Ehiorobo, Terry Dr. â€Å"Bullying in School: The Traumatic Effects of Bullying on Children.† CPI. n.p. 25 September 2013. Web March 2012. http://www.crisisprevention.com/Resources/Article-Library/Nonviolent-Crisis-Intervention-Training-Articles/Traumatic-Effects-of-Bullying-Children